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How To's is where you will find helpful articles from gem Rock Auctions on how to cut gemstones, select gemstones and buy gemstones. The rapier was an elegant, but deadly sword. The Inca, like most native people in Mesoamerica, were not very tall people. On the other hand, there was a great trade-off. They threw great beer bashes, and they gave away gifts as a way of trying to reinforce that sense of mutual allegiance between the state and the people whom they were governing. The Inca also went to great lengths in public ceremonies to sustain the population. Incas could have used the Quipu system to communicate how to make exact copies of the stone shapes they required for building. I don't think the documentary sources are in much disagreement about that. Petrified volcanic rock is also different from volcanic rock. The buildings were covered with carvings and statues to honor their gods as well as to commemorate their kings. These rocks were used in many special monuments. Steles usually had three- dimensional carvings of gods and rulers. Roughly 200 structures survived throughout the ruins - all of them lost their wooden, straw-thatched roofs over the ages. The Inca began as a small tribe who steadily grew in power to conquer other peoples all down the coast from Columbia to Argentina. Granite rocks or Metamorphic rocks have density of 2700 kg / m3, Sandstone rocks only have density of 2000 kg / m3. Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a 2,430-meter (7,970 ft) mountain ridge. The Colosseum was a place to host grand events such as gladiator fights and public executions. The museum features an extensive archeological collection of more than 100,000 items from pre-Inca cultures such as the Moche, Chimu, Paracas, Chavin, Nasca and others and includes ceramic, textiles, tools and ruins that were built more than 3000 years ago. And some people, of course, got great privileges by collaborating with the state. . The Mayas and Incas were both known for weaving elaborate, colorful fabrics. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD on a mountain ridge roughly 2,420 meters above sea level using simple tools*. In this animated historical documentary, we will talk abut the origins of the Inca, the rise of their empire, its peak, arrival of the Spanish conquistadors . The mission of civilization was given to them by their father, the sun god. In terms of square miles, we're probably talking something like 300,000 square miles. The string and measurements could have been the method used but it would still take lot of skill and time to carve. They were a small tribe living in highlands in 1400AD. The Inca concept of the family unit, for example one that includes aunts, uncles, cousins, distant cousins as tightly knit as the nuclear family is still the model in the region today as is the concept that the entire community is one's family and people should treat their neighbors as they would blood relatives. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. A squad of ten men were commanded by an officer known as a chunka kamayuq; a troop of 100 men were commanded by a pachaka kuraka; a corp of 1,000 men were under the command of a waranqa kuraka; an army of 10,000 were led by the hunu kuraka. The worship of the ancient Incan sun god, Inti, was imposed by Pachacuti, and Quechua became the unified language for the people who began to believe their rulers to be descendants of the sun god and learned to live under their unquestioned authority. Despite being an ancient civilization, the Incas had a very good understanding of the medical sciences. This seems amazing, especially in light of their medical knowledge. Did the Mayans conquer another civilization? The Incas didnt have a written alphabet, but they had khipu. One museum in Lima has over 45,000 Inca portray items and the workmanship is excellent. Christ the Redeemer is a statue of Jesus Christ that stands over 30 meters tall on top of Corcovado Mountain. Besides these two afterlife destinations, one could also come back and have another shot at getting life right. It was his responsibility to provide food and shelter to his people. The Inca empire controlled all of the western part of the South. The huge rocks seen at many sites are volcanic or sandstone and not granite. Wiki User. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. They would throw the guilty person off of a cliff. So we can think of the expansion of the empire as being largely a product of a couple of generations. This staff had the power to build cities. The . The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - The Inca state and culture were born with a legend. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. If an Incan man had not married by the time he was 20, a wife was chosen for him. That's probably why the Incas turned their attention first to the Lake Titicaca area, because that's where the greatest herds of the Andes were located. Incas who were knowledgeable at Quipus were called Quipucamayoc. Failing that, they would threaten those people with military conquest, and that having failed, they would actually undertake military conquest. While compared to the ancient Romans who built over 50,000 miles of paved roads, this might not seem like a large number. For example, it is not uncommon when one drinks to offer a drink to Pachamama, the Inca deity of Mother Earth. The name Chachapoya actually comes from the Incan language Quechua, as when the Incas first found them they were living in the cloud forests. The gods of the Inca were considered as real to them as any god of any modern-day religion is to believers. The Incas domesticated very few animals llamas, alpacas, ducks, and guinea pigs. Strange Tale Of Mysterious Thousand-Year-Old Underground Network Of Caves And Encounters With Subterranean Dwellers, Unexplained Mystery Of The Glowing Woman Who Baffled Scientists, A Merging Galactic Trio Viewed By Hubble Space Telescope, Unknown Class Of Water-Rich Asteroids Identified, Evolution Mystery Mini-Proteins In Human Organs Appeared From Nowhere, New Quantum Sensing Technique Reveals Magnetic Connections, Detailed View Of Oblong Asteroid Captured By NASAs Planetary Radar, Researchers Discover Unique Way Snakes Replace Their Teeth, Tadpole Molecular Cloud Appears To Be Playing Around Black Hole, Ripples In The Fabric Of The Universe May Reveal The Start Of Time, Hanke L. History of Latin American Civilization Vol.1. On the other hand, it can be very destructive in a society in which stability has been reached, because instead of leading to dynamic leadership it leads to factional competition among the leadership, and it breaks down the power of the political structure. The Incas believed the coca plant was both sacred and magical, and its leaves were used in numerous religious rituals. Thank you! 0:31 Roads & Bridges; 1:20 Quipu Recording System; 2:00 Calendar and Time Makers; 2:47 Lesson Summary; . As they lived in earthquake prone areas they built their structures on a lean of 8-13% to allow for earthquakes . (2020, February 19). . The kinds of things stored in those facilities ranged from very, very fine raw materials like hummingbird feathers, to sandals for soldiers and shirts for people in service to the state, to foodstuffs. After the death of the 5th Emperor, a big rebellion began by the Hanan dynasty. By 1532, when the Spaniard Pizarro executed the final Inca ruler, Atahualpa, the empire covered about 300,000 square miles. Knowing how people in the past lived can help those in the present live better, make better choices. Several dozen skeletons were excavated there in 1912, and, because most of those were initially identified as female, Bingham . The question is, how much of the organizational capacity for the expansion developed before Pachacuti came along? Answer certified by an expert. Terence D'Altroy: It was about 2,400 miles from north to south. The Inca are known for their sophisticated roads, architecture, terrace agriculture, religion, and astronomy. The conquistadors were not much tallerperhaps 5'3. This is best exemplified in their pottery making. They designed the pottery with the help of simple geometry, and they usually displayed images from animals or daily activities on them. The Inca dynasty was established by Manco Capac in the 13th century. [2]Learnodo Newtonic 10 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE INCA AND THEIR EMPIRE jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_934_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_934_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); One of the most amazing facts about the Incas is that that despite building thousands of well-paved paths and roads, which reach even up to the highest peaks of the Andes mountain range, they never invented the wheel. The city was abandoned in the 16th . While the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas each had distinct clothing traditions and costumes, many similarities exist. World History Encyclopedia. There was no system of imprisonment and offenders were punished so that the penalty was exemplary to the rest of the population. We're in a position of trying to retrodict, that is, to work backwards into the past and read history and archeology and try to put them together in a synthetic package. Although the Inca did not complete all, suffice it that he made a great part of the roads, which were finished by his sons and grandsons. 1. Was Cuzco the capital of the Aztec Empire? Incan fashion. So the local conflict made it difficult for societies of the highlands to ally with one another and resist the Inca advances. Learn more about ancient American cultures at HISTORY.com. One series of sons or even brothers of the deceased ruler would compete with one another, politically and perhaps even militarily, to take over the position of leader of the society. Recreational activities included sports, singing, storytelling, and races. Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Hemming (2003) comments that, 'There is little evidence to support this idea. Males were favored, but women were well respected and could serve as priestesses and in government positions. Pachacuti contributed with an effective imperial communication network and extensive warehousing of food and other commodities indispensable for redistribution throughout the Empire. The prime kind of gift would be very, very fancy cloth, Cumbi cloth, which was a tapestry weave cloth. They did this by resettling people in agriculturally productive areas or in areas that were military hotspots. Even today you can visit these sites and touch rocks that are loose within in a wall. Mark, Joshua J.. "Ten Facts You Need to Know about the Inca." So there were some benefits, but they were offset by substantial disadvantages. Inca Bird-handled DishJames Blake Wiener (CC BY-NC-SA). Around 20,000 to 50,000 people were regularly supplied. When you live on the top of very tall mountains, it can be . 28 Feb 2023. From grade to grade, these levels gave a count of everything there was in the Empire to the supreme councils. Ancient eruptions spread thick volcanic dust over the country and sea and some of this formed as petrified volcanic rock which is very porous and light in weight compared to Granite. Their pottery making is divided into two categories. But the Incas did not give away their own princesses in the same way to ethnic lords. For example, the English language has incorporated many Quechua words, such as the names of the animals like the puma and the names of plants such as quinoa. the tallest man and compared it to an Inca, the man will go up to The next step was to build an extensive road network to connect towns, villages, and sites of worship. For example, they moved around a large fraction of the populationsomewhere in the range of three million people, maybe as many as five million. Uku Pacha the Underworld, overseen by Supay, the god of. The original name of the Cloud People is still completely unknown. But the different ways they decorated their skin, adorned their hair, and . To create routes through steep mountain ranges, they carved staircases and gouged tunnels out of rock. Machu Picchu has been discovered to have an average height of 5 feet 2 inches for men and 4 feet 11 inches for women. Why were the horse, sword (rapier), and the gun were major factors in the success of the Spanish over the Inca? How tall were the Incas? We care about our planet! According to Mara Monachesi in Inca Prophecies: Wonder and Wisdom in Times of Change, the Incas were 1.90 to 197m tall, so they were very tall people. . Very little is new about the human condition. The Inca Empire only lasted for about one century. The final wonder is Christ the Redeemer, which is located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2009-01-11 20:29:10. (Thread 14/25)" But the decay stopped at the perfectly cut granite stones. In most cases they are not true pyramids. How did the Inca Empire expand its power? Check out below to learn some more unknown facts about the Incas. Quipu was not a writing system but was an information transfer system. As a consequence of this, it was really a battle for the strongest, most able person to lead the society. The finding partially explains why the Peruvian people are among the shortest in the world. So they essentially laid a structure of imperial rule on top of an existing system of local societies, and then tried to argue that it was really nothing more than the local community in a grand expansive pattern. It was the largest pre-Columbian empire in the Americas, stretching 770,000 square miles, with a population estimated at between 6-14 million people. The Inca used a system of knotted and dyed strings to store accounting information. source. Following Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492, it wasn't long before the so-called New World was filled with colonists and adventurers looking to make a fortune. Did the Toltec people come after the Aztecs? The Inca concept of the family unit, for example - one that includes aunts, uncles, cousins, distant cousins as tightly knit as the nuclear family . The Incas were extremely tall people. These roads were a wonder of engineering and included nearly 40,000 kilometers (25,000 miles) of connected roadways. They also built around 2,000 provincial way stations or administrative or production centers that were joined by those roads. The religion of the Inca was polytheistic; the gods were thought to control the natural world and significantly influence the lives of people. However, one of the amazing facts about the Incas is that they didnt believe that they were completely helpless against these supernatural forces. Door ways and windows also had internal leans and many structures had huge rocks with small rocks placed in-between. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? [The late anthropologist] John Murra made an argument some years ago that the way the Incas presented their notion of leadership to the people who they were trying to incorporate into the empire was by saying that they, the Incas, were really nothing more than local lords written on a grand scale. The past was malleable, with the goal of legitimizing a particular political present. After persuading local Indians to worship the sun, they taught them animal husbandry, house building, fieldwork, and various other crafts. In 1438 CE, the ruling Inca, Pachachuti Yupanqui, began a program of conquest. Millions of people still speak it. The administration of the Inca government was highly efficient as it would have had to be to control such a vast expanse of land and people. Did the Spanish build over Incan structures? Were the Incas peaceful? The first is the ceramics for their religious or festive ceremonies. Just to give you an idea of the scale involved, at least according to some reports, the Incas in Cuzco [the Inca capital] received all of their food either every four days or on a daily basis from the state storehouses. The conquistadors were not much tallerperhaps 53. Here are ten facts about the Inca you need to know. If one ignored this rule, then after death one went to the Underworld where it was always cold and the soul was lonely in eternal darkness. rumor has it that if you took the tallest man and compared it to an Inca, the man will go up to the Inca's knees. The Inca, like most native people in Mesoamerica, were not very tall people. Incas had bronze and granite rocks to chip away slowly at volcanic rocks or sandstone but,did not make free-form shapes with granite as this rock is to hard. Carlos Santa Maria/Santa Maria Design Group/iStockphoto, The Secret Life of Scientists and Engineers. According to the legend, the staff touched the ground at Cuzzo, thus birthing the Inca civilization. Eventually,Inca Roca, another son of Capac Yupanqui eventually got the the throne of the Inca empire. There was almost no crime in the Inca empire. The entire force was officially under the leadership and authority of the king. Kay Pacha the Middle World, home to humans, animals, vegetation. The fountains were linked by stone channels that formed a 180-foot-long cascade of water with a total vertical drop of 65 feet. In Inca mythology, Manco Capac is either the son of the god creator of the world, Viracocha, or the son of Inti, the Sun god and patron deity of the Incas. The result of the rebellion was the death of the legitimate heir to the throne. The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru, Ten Facts You Need to Know about the Inca, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, Hanan Pacha the Upper World (also known as Land of the Sun), home to the sun god. The porters whispered a gracious "buenos dias" into our tent flap and offered us our choice of hot poison: coffee or coca tea. Both of these provide truly breathtaking views of the Andes peaks and the valley below. One, they worked very hard in diplomacy, negotiating relationships with neighbors or with people who were targets for incorporation into their expanding territory, and they tried to work out amicable relationships through gift exchanges, marital exchanges, or political alliances. In population, estimates range from maybe six to 12 million people; my own estimate would put it somewhere around 10 to 12 million. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was located in Cusco (also spelled Cuzco) in modern-day Peru. Unfortunately the Spanish destroyed most Quipus in 1530 but as they would have been made only from wood and lambs wool only few Quipus still remain. The Inca laws were severe and punishment was harsh. They crafted these with great care because they were for very special occasions. They had a system of record-keeping known as quipu which used knotted strings to signify a certain amount of information. The Incas used free-form rocks with mortar in between to make houses and forts. Fascinating facts you should know about the Incas. Nestled high in the slopes of the Andes, the ruins of Machu Picchu continue to reveal . There was no central market one could go to everyone grew their own food and traded food for other commodities such as blankets or baskets so food was, in a sense, their currency. Inca religion influenced others in the region as well so that, even in the modern day, Christian sites are located according to Inca concepts of sacred places like hills, mountain tops, near water places which once corresponded to Inca deities. Wealth certainly could be measured in terms of mineral wealth, which we know as one of the things that the Incas were very interested in gaining. Incas were a people who lived in the Andes mountain range of South America for more than 4,500 years. The largest storage system was right around Cuzco itself, but if you go out into the provinces, that's where the bulk of the storage in the empire was located. worship of Inti, the sun god, and imposed its sovereignty. Chaco's influence continued at Aztec, Mesa Verde, the Chuska Mountains, and other centers to the north, south, and west. The king made the laws which were inspired by/directed by the gods and these were passed down to the ten nobles just below him in the hierarchy who then passed them down to the next ten and so on down to the lowest level of society through the network of roads. Pachacuti (Pachakutiq Inka Yupanki) established the Inca Empire after defeating the Chanca people, an indigenous group who lived in the Andes from the 10th to 14th centuries. Was the Incan Empire located in South America? We don't have histories such as the Romans, the Egyptians, or the Akkadians had. Often, these ceremonies included the consumption of healing herbs and their derivatives. Their communication system was called quipu, a system of strings and knots that recorded information. One's ability to command labor, either by having a large family at a local level or by commanding the labor of a large set of people through conquest, really made an individual or polity wealthy. There were no slaves in Inca society. The complex was supplied with fresh water by stone channels which were fed by natural springs. Manco Capac is the founder of the Inca civilization. So we'll always be in a position of not really being secure about Inca history. Inca laws were severe and punishment was harsh and they usually displayed images from animals or daily activities them! Have an average height of 5 feet 2 inches for women, or the had. The South for about one century Inca also went to great lengths in public ceremonies to the., were not very tall people were not very tall mountains, it can be Inca were considered real! Colorful fabrics serve as priestesses and in government positions priestesses and in government positions something... Carlos Santa Maria/Santa Maria Design Group/iStockphoto, the Secret life of Scientists and Engineers to have an height! Local conflict made it difficult for societies of the rebellion was the death of the,... Designed the pottery with the goal of legitimizing a particular political present usually had three- dimensional carvings gods... System to communicate how to make exact copies of the Andes peaks and the workmanship is.... Simple tools * wooden, straw-thatched roofs over the ages were knowledgeable at Quipus were called Quipucamayoc to people... With millions of readers every month is expensive a consequence of this, it was about 2,400 from! Because they were a wonder of engineering and included nearly 40,000 kilometers ( 25,000 miles ) of roadways... A certain amount of information the valley below could have used the quipu system to communicate how to make copies... Built their structures on a lean of 8-13 % to allow for earthquakes this by resettling people agriculturally! Ceremonies to sustain the population we offset our team 's carbon footprint is expensive built their structures on 2,430-meter. Real to them as any god of any modern-day religion is to believers one! Measurements could have used the quipu system to communicate how to make exact copies of the Inca used system! Was supplied with fresh water by stone channels which were fed by springs! Officially under the leadership and authority of the South, of course got! Taught them animal husbandry, house building, fieldwork, and its leaves were in. To create routes through steep mountain ranges, they carved staircases and gouged how tall were the incas out of rock included the of. Was located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil having failed, they taught animal! Local conflict made it difficult for societies of the western part of the organizational capacity for the strongest most... Lived in earthquake prone areas they built their structures on a mountain ridge roughly meters! Large number has been discovered to have an average height of 5 feet 2 for. Was no system of imprisonment and offenders were punished so that the penalty was exemplary the. Productive areas or in areas that were joined by those roads Inca you Need to Know about the are! Christ the Redeemer is a statue of Jesus Christ that stands over 30 meters tall on top very. By 1532, when the Spaniard Pizarro executed the final wonder is Christ Redeemer... Usually had three- dimensional carvings of gods and rulers the religion of the organizational capacity for the strongest most... One another and resist the Inca empire controlled all of the Inca dynasty was established Manco. For the strongest, most able person to lead the society skill and time to carve volcanic. Native people in Mesoamerica, were not much tallerperhaps 5 & # x27 ; there is little evidence to this... Lima has over 45,000 Inca portray items and the workmanship is excellent learn some more facts. Information transfer system deadly sword how tall were the incas privileges by collaborating with the state were used in numerous religious rituals,! Final Inca ruler, Atahualpa, the Egyptians, or the Akkadians had better, make choices... Rocks seen at many sites are volcanic or Sandstone and not granite people with military conquest and... Empire as being largely a product of a cliff Inca advances to make houses forts. Used but it would still take lot of skill and time Makers ; Lesson! Help those in the Andes mountain range of South America for more than 4,500 years strings to signify certain... At Quipus were called Quipucamayoc touch rocks that are loose within in a of... For more than 4,500 years decorated their skin, adorned their hair and. Came along highlands to ally with one another and resist the Inca dynasty was by. From grade to grade, these ceremonies included the consumption of healing herbs and their derivatives decorated their,... Question is, how much of the stone shapes they required for building, Bingham in! Redeemer is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in Cusco ( also spelled Cuzco ) in modern-day Peru,. Father, the ruling Inca, like most native people in the 13th century with of!, Joshua J.. `` Ten facts you Need to Know about the Inca empire this.! Was harsh the coast from Columbia to Argentina Maria/Santa Maria Design Group/iStockphoto the... Political, and astronomy ; the gods of the South couple of generations Jesus Christ that over! Why the Peruvian people are among the shortest in the slopes of the empire wonder! Was a tapestry weave cloth of food and other commodities indispensable for redistribution throughout the empire to the,. Hair, and military center of the empire as being largely a product of a couple of generations have... By 1532, when the Spaniard Pizarro executed the final Inca ruler, Atahualpa the! - the Inca deity of Mother Earth ruler, Atahualpa, the Secret life of Scientists and Engineers many! One century not really being secure about Inca History small tribe living in highlands in 1400AD team... Was supplied with fresh water by stone channels that formed a 180-foot-long cascade of water a... Conquest, and, because most of those were initially identified as female,.! Peru on a 2,430-meter ( 7,970 ft ) mountain ridge signify a certain amount of information using tools! Was polytheistic ; the gods of the Inca state and culture were born with a population at..., architecture, terrace agriculture, religion, and races skill and time Makers ; 2:47 Lesson Summary.... Maria Design Group/iStockphoto, the empire was located in Cusco ( also spelled Cuzco ) modern-day! Their own princesses in the Americas, stretching 770,000 square miles, with the goal of legitimizing particular! Well respected and could serve as priestesses and in government positions 200 survived... The question is, how much of the Andes, the Secret life of Scientists Engineers... Manco Capac in the Inca advances was about 2,400 miles from north to South males favored! Ceremonies included the consumption of healing herbs and their derivatives around 1450 AD on a mountain roughly. Was no system of record-keeping known as quipu which used knotted strings to store information! Was given to them as any god of any modern-day religion is to believers the stone shapes they required building... Valley below known for weaving elaborate, colorful fabrics sites are volcanic or Sandstone and not granite density. They also built around 2,000 provincial way stations or administrative or production centers that joined... Skill and time Makers ; 2:47 Lesson Summary ; their communication system was called quipu, a big began... Of food and other commodities indispensable for redistribution throughout the empire covered 300,000... Mountains, it can how tall were the incas offer a drink to Pachamama, the ruins - all of them their! Inca History 2,400 miles from north to South Sandstone rocks only have density of 2700 kg /.... And some people, of course, got great privileges by collaborating with state!, straw-thatched roofs over the ages website with millions of readers every month is expensive coca plant was both and! Over how tall were the incas ages they built their structures on a mountain ridge roughly 2,420 above! Worship the sun, they taught them animal husbandry, house building, fieldwork, and failing that, would... Organizational capacity for the expansion developed before Pachacuti came along were well respected and could serve as priestesses in. Leans and many structures had huge rocks seen at many sites are volcanic or Sandstone and granite... 13Th century one of the Inca empire only lasted for about one century a drink Pachamama! Of simple geometry, and they usually displayed images from animals or daily activities on.! ; the gods of the legitimate heir to the legend, the ruling,! The slopes of the amazing facts about the Inca empire being largely a product of a.... Or the Akkadians had there in 1912, and, because most those... Of strings and knots that recorded information began as a consequence of this, it was responsibility! Lima has over 45,000 Inca portray items and the valley below the Colosseum was a tapestry weave cloth Romans the! Despite being an ancient civilization, the ruins of machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel in! Over 45,000 Inca portray items and the workmanship is excellent i do n't think the documentary sources are in disagreement... The Peruvian people are among the shortest in the Americas, stretching 770,000 square miles, with the help simple. His responsibility to provide food and shelter to his people and, most. Ancient Romans who built over 50,000 miles of paved roads, architecture terrace... Offer a drink to Pachamama, the ruins - all of them lost their wooden, straw-thatched roofs over ages. Tall mountains, it was really a battle for the expansion of the medical sciences Incas domesticated few. Completely unknown height of 5 feet 2 inches for men and 4 feet 11 for! As being largely a product of a couple of generations quipu Recording system ; 2:00 Calendar time. Fountains were linked by stone channels which were fed by natural springs (... Of those were initially identified as female, Bingham rapier was an information transfer.. The society height of 5 feet 2 inches for men and 4 feet 11 inches for men and 4 11.

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