rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdomcity of sioux falls employee salaries

Ivan the Terrible. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. Years' War. During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. Determined to avenge the defeat at Novara by taking Spanish-held Naples, the young king personally led an army into Italy. Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. lasted one hundred years. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. Cao Cao He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. power of the great feudal lords. Serfs started escaping to urban areas in search of work. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). James also supported settlement in the New World. . Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. At the onset of the Great War in 1914, the land that Kurds have for nearly a millennium been calling Kurdistan was divided between the empires of the Ottomans and the Persians, and, more recently, that of the Russians. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. The French were now trying to recapture Navarre. Charles also had to declare Henry and Henry's descendants heirs to the French crown. In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. Many Europeans were convinced that life was not supportable near the equator. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. At the top were kings, who owned the land. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). The first successful English colony, founded in Virginia in 1607, was named in the king's honor: Jamestown. By 1503 the French were once again driven out of Italy, and the Spanish took possession of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Complete disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, in February 1525. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. . The Catholic sovereigns had specific goals: they wanted to bring the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula under their control, crush opposition groups, centralize the government, and unify the Spanish kingdoms. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Instead, one had merely to sail west for a month or two, across the Atlantic Ocean, in order to reach the island of Japan. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. While they were less numerous in Catalonia, Castile, Estremadura, and Andalusia, Moriscos comprised about one-fifth of the population (50,000 people) in Aragon and one-third of the population (100,000 people) of Valencia. The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. Upon Henry's death in 1422, his infant son, Henry VI, was crowned king of both France and England. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. 314 talking about this. The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. Catherine de' Medici In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). Surrounded by young playmates, he learned the strategy and methods of Renaissance warfare and showed signs of unusual talent at the craft. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. By 1538, when a peace agreement was signed in Nice, France, both sides were financially exhausted. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. At first all went well for Francis. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. Nationalism emerges During the first part of the Hundred Years' War, France and England did not have identities as separate countries. William was a member of the Nassau family, who were based in the Netherlands, and he had acquired Orange through inheritance. Portugal was a rival of Spain during the age of exploration and discovery. In 1512, when France went to war with Spain, the king gave the eighteen-year-old Francis command of an army. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). His advisers also needed to pay back a loan of 850,000 florins (the Italian unit of currency) they had received from Jacob Fugger (14591525), a wealthy German banker. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. In the Revolt of the Netherlands, Protestants in the Low Countries fought to throw off Spanish rule and Catholic persecution. 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